CNR ExploRA

Articolo in rivista, 2022, ENG, 10.1088/1741-4326/ac2ff2

DIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy

Fenstermacher, M. E.; Abbate, J.; Abe, S.; Abrams, T.; Adams, M.; Adamson, B.; Aiba, N.; Akiyama, T.; Aleynikov, P.; Allen, E.; Allen, S.; Anand, H.; Anderson, J.; Andrew, Y.; Andrews, T.; Appelt, D.; Arbon, R.; Ashikawa, N.; Ashourvan, A.; Aslin, M.; Asnis, Y.; Austin, M.; Ayala, D.; Bak, J.; Bandyopadhyay, I; Banerjee, S.; Barada, K.; Bardoczi, L.; Barr, J.; Bass, E.; Battaglia, D.; Battey, A.; Baumgartner, W.; Baylor, L.; Beckers, J.; Beidler, M.; Belli, E.; Berkery, J.; Bernard, T.; Bertelli, N.; Beurskens, M.; Bielajew, R.; Bilgili, S.; Biswas, B.; Blondel, S.; Boedo, J.; Bogatu, I; Boivin, R.; Bolzonella, T.; Bongard, M.; Bonnin, X.; Bonoli, P.; Bonotto, M.; Bortolon, A.; Bose, S.; Bosviel, N.; Bouwmans, S.; Boyer, M.; Boyes, W.; Bradley, L.; Brambila, R.; Brennan, D.; Bringuier, S.; Brodsky, L.; Brookman, M.; Brooks, J.; Brower, D.; Brown, G.; Brown, W.; Burke, M.; Burrell, K.; Butler, K.; Buttery, R.; Bykov, I; Byrne, P.; Cacheris, A.; Callahan, K.; Callen, J.; Campbell, G.; Candy, J.; Canik, J.; Cano-Megias, P.; Cao, N.; Carayannopoulos, L.; Carlstrom, T.; Carrig, W.; Carter, T.; Cary, W.; Casali, L.; Cengher, M.; Paz, G. Cespedes; Chaban, R.; Chan, V; Chapman, B.; Char, I; Chattopadhyay, A.; Chen, R.; Chen, J.; Chen, X.; Chen, X.; Chen, J.; Chen, M.; Chen, J.; Chen, Z.; Choi, M.; Choi, W.; Choi, G.; Chousal, L.; Chrobak, C.; Chrystal, C.; Chung, Y.; Churchill, R.; Cianciosa, M.; Clark, J.; Clement, M.; Coda, S.; Cole, A.; Collins, C.; Conlin, W.; Cooper, A.; Cordell, J.; Coriton, B.; Cote, T.; Cothran, J.; Creely, A.; Crocker, N.; Crowe, C.; Crowley, B.; Crowley, T.; Cruz-Zabala, D.; Cummings, D.; Curie, M.; Curreli, D.; Dal Molin, A.; Dannels, B.; Dautt-Silva, A.; Davda, K.; De Tommasi, G.; De Vries, P.; Degrandchamp, G.; Degrassie, J.; Demers, D.; Denk, S.; Depasquale, S.; Deshazer, E.; Diallo, A.; Diem, S.; Dimits, A.; Ding, R.; Ding, S.; Ding, W.; Do, T.; Doane, J.; Dong, G.; Donovan, D.; Drake, J.; Drews, W.; Drobny, J.; Du, X.; Du, H.; Duarte, V; Dudt, D.; Dunn, C.; Duran, J.; Dvorak, A.; Effenberg, F.; Eidietis, N.; Elder, D.; Eldon, D.; Ellis, R.; Elwasif, W.; Ennis, D.; Erickson, K.; Ernst, D.; Fasciana, M.; Fedorov, D.; Feibush, E.; Ferraro, N.; Ferreira, J.; Ferron, J.; Fimognari, P.; Finkenthal, D.; Fitzpatrick, R.; Fox, P.; Fox, W.; Frassinetti, L.; Frerichs, H.; Frye, H.; Fu, Y.; Gage, K.; Quiroga, J. Galdon; Gallo, A.; Gao, Q.; Garcia, A.; Garcia Munoz, M.; Garnier, D.; Garofalo, A.; Gattuso, A.; Geng, D.; Gentle, K.; Ghosh, D.; Giacomelli, L.; Gibson, S.; Gilson, E.; Giroud, C.; Glass, F.; Glasser, A.; Glibert, D.; Gohil, P.; Gomez, R.; Gomez, S.; Gong, X.; Gonzales, E.; Goodman, A.; Gorelov, Y.; Graber, V; Granetz, R.; Gray, T.; Green, D.; Greenfield, C.; Greenwald, M.; Grierson, B.; Groebner, R.; Grosnickle, W.; Groth, M.; Grunloh, H.; Gu, S.; Guo, W.; Guo, H.; Gupta, P.; Guterl, J.; Guttenfelder, W.; Guzman, T.; Haar, S.; Hager, R.; Hahn, S.; Halfmoon, M.; Hall, T.; Hallatschek, K.; Halpern, F.; Hammett, G.; Han, H.; Hansen, E.; Hansen, C.; Hansink, M.; Hanson, J.; Hanson, M.; Hao, G.; Harris, A.; Harvey, R.; Haskey, S.; Hassan, E.; Hassanein, A.; Hatch, D.; Hawryluk, R.; Hayashi, W.; Heidbrink, W.; Herfindal, J.; Hicok, J.; Hill, D.; Hinson, E.; Holcomb, C.; Holland, L.; Holland, C.; Hollmann, E.; Hollocombe, J.; Holm, A.; Holmes, I; Holtrop, K.; Honda, M.; Hong, R.; Hood, R.; Horton, A.; Horvath, L.; Hosokawa, M.; Houshmandyar, S.; Howard, N.; Howell, E.; Hoyt, D.; Hu, W.; Hu, Y.; Hu, Q.; Huang, J.; Huang, Y.; Hughes, J.; Human, T.; Humphreys, D.; Huynh, P.; Hyatt, A.; Ibanez, C.; Ibarra, L.; Icasas, R.; Ida, K.; Igochine, V; In, Y.; Inoue, S.; Isayama, A.; Izacard, O.; Izzo, V; Jackson, A.; Jacobsen, G.; Jaervinen, A.; Jalalvand, A.; Janhunen, J.; Jardin, S.; Jarleblad, H.; Jeon, Y.; Ji, H.; Jian, X.; Joffrin, E.; Johansen, A.; Johnson, C.; Johnson, T.; Jones, C.; Joseph, I; Jubas, D.; Junge, B.; Kalb, W.; Kalling, R.; Kamath, C.; Kang, J.; Kaplan, D.; Kaptanoglu, A.; Kasdorf, S.; Kates-Harbeck, J.; Kazantzidis, P.; Kellman, A.; Kellman, D.; Kessel, C.; Khumthong, K.; Kim, E.; Kim, H.; Kim, J.; Kim, S.; Kim, J.; Kim, H.; Kim, K.; Kim, C.; Kimura, W.; King, M.; King, J.; Kinsey, J.; Kirk, A.; Kiyan, B.; Kleiner, A.; Klevarova, V; Knapp, R.; Knolker, M.; Ko, W.; Kobayashi, T.; Koch, E.; Kochan, M.; Koel, B.; Koepke, M.; Kohn, A.; Kolasinski, R.; Kolemen, E.; Kostadinova, E.; Kostuk, M.; Kramer, G.; Kriete, D.; Kripner, L.; Kubota, S.; Kulchar, J.; Kwon, K.; La Haye, R.; Laggner, F.; Lan, H.; Lantsov, R.; Lao, L.; Esquisabel, A. Lasa; Lasnier, C.; Lau, C.; Leard, B.; Lee, J.; Lee, R.; Lee, M.; Lee, M.; Lee, Y.; Lee, C.; Lee, J.; Lee, S.; Lehnen, M.; Leonard, A.; Leppink, E.; Lesher, M.; Lestz, J.; Leuer, J.; Leuthold, N.; Li, X.; Li, K.; Li, E.; Li, G.; Li, L.; Li, Z.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Lin, Z.; Lin, D.; Liu, X.; Liu, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, T.; Liu, Y.; Liu, C.; Liu, Z.; Liu, C.; Liu, D.; Liu, A.; Liu, D.; Loarte-Prieto, A.; Lodestro, L.; Logan, N.; Lohr, J.; Lombardo, B.; Lore, J.; Luan, Q.; Luce, T.; Di Cortemiglia, T. Luda; Luhmann, N.; Lunsford, R.; Luo, Z.; Lvovskiy, A.; Lyons, B.; Ma, X.; Madruga, M.; Madsen, B.; Maggi, C.; Maheshwari, K.; Mail, A.; Mailloux, J.; Maingi, R.; Major, M.; Makowski, M.; Manchanda, R.; Marini, C.; Marinoni, A.; Maris, A.; Markovic, T.; Marrelli, L.; Martin, E.; Mateja, J.; Matsunaga, G.; Maurizio, R.; Mauzey, P.; Mauzey, D.; Mcardle, G.; Mcclenaghan, J.; Mccollam, K.; Mcdevitt, C.; Mckay, K.; Mckee, G.; Mclean, A.; Mehta, V; Meier, E.; Menard, J.; Meneghini, O.; Merlo, G.; Messer, S.; Meyer, W.; Michael, C.; Michoski, C.; Milne, P.; Minet, G.; Misleh, A.; Mitrishkin, Y.; Moeller, C.; Montes, K.; Morales, M.; Mordijck, S.; Moreau, D.; Morosohk, S.; Morris, P.; Morton, L.; Moser, A.; Moyer, R.; Moynihan, C.; Mrazkova, T.; Mueller, D.; Munaretto, S.; Burgos, J. Munoz; Murphy, C.; Murphy, K.; Muscatello, C.; Myers, C.; Nagy, A.; Nandipati, G.; Navarro, M.; Nave, F.; Navratil, G.; Nazikian, R.; Neff, A.; Neilson, G.; Neiser, T.; Neiswanger, W.; Nelson, D.; Nelson, A.; Nespoli, F.; Nguyen, R.; Nguyen, L.; Nguyen, X.; Nichols, J.; Nocente, M.; Nogami, S.; Noraky, S.; Norausky, N.; Nornberg, M.; Nygren, R.; Odstrcil, T.; Ogas, D.; Ogorman, T.; Ohdachi, S.; Ohtani, Y.; Okabayashi, M.; Okamoto, M.; Olavson, L.; Olofsson, E.; Omullane, M.; Oneill, R.; Orlov, D.; Orvis, W.; Osborne, T.; Pace, D.; Canal, G. Paganini; Martinez, A. Pajares; Palacios, L.; Pan, C.; Pan, Q.; Pandit, R.; Pandya, M.; Pankin, A.; Park, Y.; Park, J.; Park, J.; Parker, S.; Parks, P.; Parsons, M.; Patel, B.; Pawley, C.; Paz-Soldan, C.; Peebles, W.; Pelton, S.; Perillo, R.; Petty, C.; Peysson, Y.; Pierce, D.; Pigarov, A.; Pigatto, L.; Piglowski, D.; Pinches, S.; Pinsker, R.; Piovesan, P.; Piper, N.; Pironti, A.; Pitts, R.; Pizzo, J.; Plank, U.; Podesta, M.; Poli, E.; Poli, F.; Ponce, D.; Popovic, Z.; Porkolab, M.; Porter, G.; Powers, C.; Powers, S.; Prater, R.; Pratt, Q.; Pusztai, I; Qian, J.; Qin, X.; Ra, O.; Rafiq, T.; Raines, T.; Raman, R.; Rauch, J.; Raymond, A.; Rea, C.; Reich, M.; Reiman, A.; Reinhold, S.; Reinke, M.; Reksoatmodjo, R.; Ren, Q.; Ren, Y.; Ren, J.; Rensink, M.; Renteria, J.; Rhodes, T.; Rice, J.; Roberts, R.; Robinson, J.; Fernandez, P. Rodriguez; Rognlien, T.; Rosenthal, A.; Rosiello, S.; Rost, J.; Roveto, J.; Rowan, W.; Rozenblat, R.; Ruane, J.; Rudakov, D.; Ruiz, J. Ruiz; Rupani, R.; Saarelma, S.; Sabbagh, S.; Sachdev, J.; Saenz, J.; Saib, S.; Salewski, M.; Salmi, A.; Sammuli, B.; Samuell, C.; Sandorfi, A.; Sang, C.; Sarff, J.; Sauter, O.; Schaubel, K.; Schmitz, L.; Schmitz, O.; Schneider, J.; Schroeder, P.; Schultz, K.; Schuster, E.; Schwartz, J.; Sciortino, F.; Scotti, F.; Scoville, J.; Seltzman, A.; Seol, S.; Sfiligoi, I; Shafer, M.; Sharapov, S.; Shen, H.; Sheng, Z.; Shepard, T.; Shi, S.; Shibata, Y.; Shin, G.; Shiraki, D.; Shousha, R.; Si, H.; Simmerling, P.; Sinclair, G.; Sinha, J.; Sinha, P.; Sips, G.; Sizyuk, T.; Skinner, C.; Sladkomedova, A.; Slendebroek, T.; Slief, J.; Smirnov, R.; Smith, J.; Smith, S.; Smith, D.; Snipes, J.; Snoep, G.; Snyder, A.; Snyder, P.; Solano, E.; Solomon, W.; Song, J.; Sontag, A.; Soukhanovskii, V; Spendlove, J.; Spong, D.; Squire, J.; Srinivasan, C.; Stacey, W.; Staebler, G.; Stagner, L.; Stange, T.; Stangeby, P.; Stefan, R.; Stemprok, R.; Stephan, D.; Stillerman, J.; Stoltzfus-Dueck, T.; Stonecipher, W.; Storment, S.; Strait, E.; Su, D.; Sugiyama, L.; Sun, Y.; Sun, P.; Sun, Z.; Sun, A.; Sundstrom, D.; Sung, C.; Sungcoco, J.; Suttrop, W.; Suzuki, Y.; Suzuki, T.; Svyatkovskiy, A.; Swee, C.; Sweeney, R.; Sweetnam, C.; Szepesi, G.; Takechi, M.; Tala, T.; Tanaka, K.; Tang, X.; Tang, S.; Tao, Y.; Tao, R.; Taussig, D.; Taylor, T.; Teixeira, K.; Teo, K.; Theodorsen, A.; Thomas, D.; Thome, K.; Thorman, A.; Thornton, A.; Ti, A.; Tillack, M.; Timchenko, N.; Tinguely, R.; Tompkins, R.; Tooker, J.; De Sousa, A. Torrezan; Trevisan, G.; Tripathi, S.; Ochoa, A. Trujillo; Truong, D.; Tsui, C.; Turco, F.; Turnbull, A.; Umansky, M.; Unterberg, E.; Vaezi, P.; Vail, P.; Valdez, J.; Valkis, W.; Van Compernolle, B.; Van Galen, J.; Van Kampen, R.; Van Zeeland, M.; Verdoolaege, G.; Vianello, N.; Victor, B.; Viezzer, E.; Vincena, S.; Wade, M.; Waelbroeck, F.; Wai, J.; Wakatsuki, T.; Walker, M.; Wallace, G.; Waltz, R.; Wampler, W.; Wang, L.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Wang, H.; Wang, Z.; Wang, H.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Y.; Wang, G.; Ward, S.; Watkins, M.; Watkins, J.; Wehner, W.; Wei, Y.; Weiland, M.; Weisberg, D.; Welander, A.; White, A.; White, R.; Wiesen, S.; Wilcox, R.; Wilks, T.; Willensdorfer, M.; Wilson, H.; Wingen, A.; Wolde, M.; Wolff, M.; Woller, K.; Wolz, A.; Wong, H.; Woodruff, S.; Wu, M.; Wu, Y.; Wukitch, S.; Wurden, G.; Xiao, W.; Xie, R.; Xing, Z.; Xu, X.; Xu, C.; Xu, G.; Yan, Z.; Yang, X.; Yang, S.; Yokoyama, T.; Yoneda, R.; Yoshida, M.; You, K.; Younkin, T.; Yu, J.; Yu, M.; Yu, G.; Yuan, Q.; Zaidenberg, L.; Zakharov, L.; Zamengo, A.; Zamperini, S.; Zarnstorff, M.; Zeger, E.; Zeller, K.; Zeng, L.; Zerbini, M.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, L.; Zhao, B.; Zheng, Y.; Zheng, L.; Zhu, B.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Zsutty, M.; Zuin, M.

Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA; Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ USA; Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ USA; Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA USA; QST, Tokyo, Japan; Max Planck Inst Plasma Phys, Garching, Germany; Imperial Coll London, England; Natl Inst Fus Sci, Toki, Gifu, Japan; Mt Holyoke Coll, S Hadley, MA USA; Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Univ Texas Austin, TX USA; ITER India, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India; Coll William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA USA; Univ Calif Los Angeles, CA USA; Univ Calif San Diego, CA USA; Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA; MIT, Cambridge, MA USA; Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA; Eindhoven Univ Technol, Eindhoven, Netherlands; Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN USA; West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV USA; Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA; Far Tech Inc, San Diego, CA USA; Consorzio RFX, Padua, Italy; CNR-ISTP, Italy; Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA; ITER Org, Paris, France; SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA; Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN USA; Univ Seville, Spain; Univ Ingn & Tecnol, Lima, Peru Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA USA; Inst Plasma Res, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India; ASIPP, Hefei, Peoples R China; Peking Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China; Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA USA; Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA Commonwealth Fus Syst, Cambridge, MA USA, Univ Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, England; Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Switzerland; Woodruff Sci Inc, Santa Fe, NM USA; Convergint Technol, Schaumburg, IL USA; Xantho Technol LLC, Madison, WI USA; Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL USA; Univ Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy; CREATE Consortium, Chesterfield, MO USA; Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA USA; Southwestern Inst Phys, Chengdu, Peoples R China; Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada; Auburn Univ, AL USA; Politecn Torino, Italy; Inst Super Tecn, Lisbon, Portugal; Palomar Coll, San Marcos, CA USA; CCFE, Oxford, England; Kungliga Tekniska Hgsk, Stockholm, Sweden; San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA USA; CNR ISTP, Milan, Italy; Univ Durham, England; Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, PA USA; Aalto Univ, Espoo, Finland; Korea Natl Fus Res Ctr, Seoul, South Korea; Univ Washington, Seattle, WA USA; CompX, Dallas, TX USA; Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM USA; Tech X Corp, Boulder, CO USA; Ulsan Natl Inst Sci & Technol, Hefei, Peoples R China; Univ Ghent, Belgium; Tech Univ Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; CEA Cadarache, St Paul Les Durance, France; Drake Univ, Des Moines, IA USA; Kalling Software, Kirkland, WA USA; Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO USA; Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA USA; Natl Tech Univ Athens, Greece; Coventry Univ, Coventry, W Midlands, England; EUROfusion, Brussels, Belgium; SLS2 Consulting, San Diego, CA USA; STI Optron Inc, Bellevue, WA USA; Univ Stuttgart, Germany; Baylor Univ, CASPER, Waco, TX USA; Inst Plasma Phys AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic; Alphawave Res, New York, NY USA; Harvey Mudd Coll, Claremont, CA USA; Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul, South Korea; Donghua Univ, Shanghai, Peoples R China; Univ York, York, N Yorkshire, England; Dalian Univ Technol, Dalian, Peoples R China; Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA; AKIMA Infrastruct Serv, Albuquerque, NM USA; Los Alamos Natl Lab, Santa Fe, NM USA; Zap Energy Inc, Everett, WA USA; US DOE, Washington, DC USA; D TACQ Solut Ltd, New York, NY USA; Inst Control Sci Russian Acad, Shanghai, Peoples R China; Fus Energy Joint Undertaking, Oxford, England; Palomar Sci Instruments Inc, San Marcos, TX USA; Astro Fus Spectre LLC, Oxford, England; Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada; Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA; ORISE, Oak Ridge, TN USA; Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI USA; Ishikawa Natl Coll Technol, Tsubata, Ishikawa, Japan; Peak Tech Staffing, Pittsburgh, PA USA; Univ Strathclyde, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland; Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA USA; Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Troy, NY USA; Univ Southern Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA; Chalmers Univ Technol, Gothenburg, Sweden; Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA; Univ Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy; Univ Oxford, England; VTT Tech Res Ctr, Oulu, Finland; Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA USA; Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei, Peoples R China; Gifu Coll, Natl Inst Technol, Gifu, Japan; Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA; DIFFER, Eindhoven, Netherlands; CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain; Hanyang Univ, Seoul, South Korea; Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT USA; Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Daejeon, South Korea; UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Tromso, South Korea; Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT Australia; RRC Kurchatov Inst, Moscow, Russia; Univ Nacl Ingn, Managua, Nicaragua; Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany; Zhejiang Univ, Hangzhou, Peoples R China; Univ Tokyo, Japan; Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA; LiWFusion, Princeton, NJ USA; ENEA CR Frascati, Rome, Italy.

DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-I (p) steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L-H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at similar to 8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-I (p) beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate beta (N) in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.

Nuclear fusion 62 (4), pp. 042024-1–042024-22